Peter Landres
Emeritus Scientist
Research Interests
My research is broadly aimed at developing the knowledge needed to protect and sustain the ecological benefits and values in wilderness while also developing the strategies and tools for improving the ecological-based management of wilderness nationwide. Because wilderness management decisions are based on laws, agency policy, scientific information, social values and ethics, my research reaches into all of these areas. My current work focuses on the following general topics:
- Building ways to strengthen wilderness planning, management, and monitoring based on the concept of wilderness character.
- Developing guidelines to evaluate whether to use active ecological intervention or a hands-off approach in wilderness stewardship.
- Developing guidelines to evaluate proposals for scientific activities in wilderness and improve communication between wilderness managers and scientists.
Education
- Ph.D., Ecology and Biology, 1981. - Utah State University, Logan, UT. Dissertation: Community organization of the arboreal birds in some oak woodlands of western North America.
- B.S., Natural Science, 1972. - Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR.
Background
Research Projects
Peter Landres, ALWRI Emeritus Scientist, retired from ALWRI in December of 2017, with over 25 years of federal service. As an ecologist with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Peter contributed to improving wilderness stewardship and science nationwide. His sustained scientific leadership in developing and applying the concept of “wilderness character” improved the management, accountability, transparency, and defensibility of wilderness stewardship. Throughout his research career, Peter created innovative ways to improve wilderness stewardship, spanning from unit-level to national initiatives. He worked closely with wilderness managers at all levels, developing tools for wilderness managers, led an interagency team that produced a framework for evaluating proposals for scientific activities inside wilderness, and co-led an interagency effort to develop a decision support tool for ecological intervention activities in wilderness. At the national level, Peter was a long-time member of the USFS Wilderness Advisory Group and the USFS Wilderness Information Management Steering Team. He provided long-term technical assistance to the Interagency Wilderness Policy Council and Wilderness Steering Committee, and the National Park Service Wilderness Leadership Council.
With a long record of working with graduate students and early career professionals, Peter established and ran the Wilderness Fellows program for five years, which recruited recent college graduates to live on-site and work with local staff to conduct wilderness character baseline assessments on individual wildernesses.
During his time with the Forest Service, Peter received numerous awards, including the USDA Forest Service National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Research Award in 2006; the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Best Technology Transfer Publication Award in 2007; Interagency National Wilderness Preservation System Award in 2008; the NPS Director’s Wes Henry National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Award in 2013; and, the USDA Forest Service National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Award in 2015.
In his retirement, Peter continues to pursue adventure in the wilds with his family, who are particularly fond of snowy, mountainous wilderness areas
Honors & Awards
- USDA Forest Service, National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Research Award. 2006.
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Best Technology Transfer Publication Award. 2007.
- Wilderness Stewardship Agencies, National Wilderness Preservation System Award. 2008.
- DOI National Park Service, Director's Wes Henry National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Award. 2013.
- USDA Forest Service, National Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Award. 2015.
Publications
Peter Landres, Publications 1980 - 2022:
Landres, P.B., and J.A. MacMahon. 1980. Guilds and community organization: analysis of an oak woodland avifauna in Sonora, Mexico. 1980. Auk 97:351‑365.
MacMahon, J.A., and P.B. Landres. 1981. Ornithology and ecology as sciences. Auk 98:639‑640.
Landres, P.B. 1983. Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment. Environmental Management 7:393‑398.
Landres, P.B., and J.A. MacMahon. 1983. Community organization of arboreal birds in some oak woodlands of western North America. Ecological Monographs 53:183‑208.
Parmenter, R., et al., and P.B. Landres. 1985. Reclamation of surface coal mines in western Wyoming for wildlife habitat: a preliminary analysis. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 4:93‑115.
Landres, P.B. 1986. Introduction: guild applications to modern management problems. Pages 48‑49 in Applications of the Guild Concept to Environmental Management (W.D. Severinghaus, T.D. James, editors). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Manuscript N‑86/07, Champaign, Illinois.
Hutto, R., S. Real, and P.B. Landres. 1987. A critical evaluation of the species approach to biological conservation. 1987. Endangered Species Update 4:1‑4.
Landres, P.B., J. Verner, and J.W. Thomas. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. 1988. Conservation Biology 4:316‑328.
Landres, P.B. 1992. Ecological indicators: panacea or liability? Pages 1295-1318 in Ecological indicators, Volume 2 (D.H. McKenzie, D.E. Hyatt, V.J. McDonald, editors). Elsevier Applied Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam.
Landres, P.B. 1992. Temporal perspectives in managing for biological diversity. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 57:292-307.
Landres, P.B., D.N. Cole, and A.E. Watson. 1994. A monitoring strategy for the National Wilderness Preservation System, USA. Pages 192-197 in International Wilderness Allocation, Management, and Research (J.C. Hendee, V.G. Martin, editors). International Wilderness Leadership (WILD) Foundation, Ft. Collins, CO.
Landres, P.B. 1995. The role of ecological inventorying and monitoring in managing wilderness. Trends 32:10-13.
Cole, D.N., and P.B. Landres. 1996. Threats to wilderness ecosystems: impacts and research needs. Ecological Applications 6:168-184.
Knight, R.L, and P.B. Landres, editors. 1998. Stewardship Across Boundaries. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Landres P.B. 1998. Introduction. Pages 1-5 in Stewardship Across Boundaries (R.L. Knight and P.B. Landres, editors). Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Landres P.B. 1998. Integration: a beginning for stewardship across boundaries. Pages 337-345 in Stewardship Across Boundaries (R.L. Knight and P.B. Landres, editors). Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Landres P.B., R.L. Knight, S.T.A. Pickett, and M.L. Candenaso. 1998. Ecological impacts of administrative boundaries. Pages 39-64 in Stewardship Across Boundaries (R.L. Knight and P.B. Landres, editors). Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Landres P.B., S. Marsh, L. Merigliano, D. Ritter, and A. Norman. 1998. Boundary effects on national forest wildernesses and other natural areas. Pages 117-139 in Stewardship Across Boundaries (R.L. Knight and P.B. Landres, editors). Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Landres P.B., P.W. White, G. Aplet, and A. Zimmermann. 1998. Naturalness and natural variability: definitions, concepts, and strategies for wilderness management. Pages 41-50 in Wilderness and Natural Areas in Eastern North America: Research, Management, and Planning (D.L. Kulhavy and M.H. Legg, editors). Center for Applied Studies in Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacoghoches, TX.
Landres P.B., and S.M. Meyer. 1998. A National Wilderness Preservation System Database: Key Attributes and Trends, 1964 Through 1998. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-18. Fort Collins, CO. 97 pages.
Landres P.B., P. Morgan, and F.J. Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9:1179-1188.
Watson, A.W., and P.B. Landres. 1999. Changing wilderness values. Pages 384-388 in Outdoor Recreation in American Life: A National Assessment of Demand and Supply Needs (H.K. Cordell, editor). Sagamore Publishing, Champaign, IL.
Landres P.B. 2000. A framework for evaluating proposals for scientific activities in wilderness. Pages 239-245 in Proceedings from Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Volume 3: Wilderness as a Place for Scientific Inquiry. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P15-Vol-3 , Fort Collins, CO.
Landres, P.B. 2000. Wilderness monitoring: new directions and opportunities. International Journal of Wilderness 6(3):38.
Landres P.B., and S.M. Meyer. 2000. A National Wilderness Preservation System database: key attributes and trends, 1964 through 1999. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Stations General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-18-Revised Edition. Fort Collins, CO.
Landres P.B., M. Brunson, L. Merigliano, C. Sydoriak, and S. Morton. 2000. Naturalness and wildness: the dilemma and irony of managing wilderness. Pages 377-381 in Proceedings from Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Volume 5: Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P15-VOL-5, Fort Collins, CO.
Meyer, S.M., and P.B. Landres. 2000. A National Wilderness Preservation System database: benefits, limitations, and future needs. International Journal of Wilderness 6(April):13-18.
Miller, C.M., P.B. Landres, and P.B. Alaback. 2000. Evaluating risks and benefits of wildland fire at landscape scales. Pages 78-87 in Proceedings from Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management (L.F. Neuenschwander, K.C. Ryan, technical editors). University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
Parsons, R., P. Morgan, and P.B. Landres. 2000. Applying the natural variability concept: towards desired future conditions. Pages 222-237 in Ecosystem Management of Forested Landscapes (R.G. D’Eon, J. Johnson, E.A. Ferguson, editors). University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Davis, J.C., G.W. Minshall, C.T. Robinson, and P.B. Landres. 2001. Monitoring Wilderness Stream Ecosystems. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-70. Fort Collins, CO. 139 pages.
Landres, P.B., D.R. Spildie, and L.P. Queen. 2001. GIS applications to wilderness management: potential uses and limitations. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-80. Fort Collins, CO.
Landres, P.B., M. Brunson, and L. Merigliano. 2001. Naturalness and wildness: the dilemma and irony of ecological restoration in wilderness. Wild Earth(Winter) 10(4):77-82.
Landres, P.B., S. Meyer, and S. Matthews. 2001. The Wilderness Act and fish stocking: an overview of legislation, judicial interpretation, and agency implementation. Ecosystems 4:287-295.
Landres, P.B. 2002. Ecological considerations in using prescribed fire. Pages 35-42 in National Conference on the Social Acceptability of Fuel Treatments on Western Public Lands (J. Burchfield, editor), Bolle Center for People and Forests, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Knight, R.L., and P.B. Landres. 2002. Central concepts and issues of biological conservation. Pages 22-33 in Concepts and Applications of Landscape Ecology to Biological Conservation (K. Gutzwiller, editor). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Parsons, D.J., P.B. Landres, and C. Miller. 2003. The dilemma of managing and restoring natural fire and fuels in United States wilderness. Pages 19-26 in Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress of Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management (K.E.M. Galley, R.C. Klinger, and N.G. Sugihara, editors). Miscellaneous Publication No. 13, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
Landres, P., J. Alderson, and D.J. Parsons. 2003. The challenge of doing science in wilderness: historical, legal, and policy context. George Wright FORUM 20(3):42-49.
Landres, P. 2004. Developing indicators to monitor the “outstanding opportunities” quality of wilderness character. International Journal of Wilderness 10(3):8-11, 20.
Landres, P. 2004. Managing the wild in designated wilderness. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:498-499.
Landres, P. 2004. The Wilderness Stewardship Reference System. International Journal of Wilderness 10(2):34, 22.
Landres, P. 2004. Developing indicators to monitor the “outstanding opportunities” quality of wilderness character. International Journal of Wilderness 10(3):8-11, 20.
Miller, C., and P. Landres. 2004. Exploring information needs for wildland fire and fuels management. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-127. Fort Collins, CO. 36 pages.
Landres, P. 2005. Balancing the benefits and impacts of science in Alaska’s wilderness. Alaska Park Science 4(2):44-46.
Landres, P., S. Boutcher, L. Merigliano, C. Barns, D. Davis, T. Hall, S. Henry, B. Hunter, P. Janiga, M. Laker, A. McPherson, D.S. Powell, M. Rowan, and S. Sater. 2005. Monitoring selected conditions related to wilderness character: a national framework. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-151. Fort Collins, CO. 38 pages.
Thelen, G.C., J.M. Vivanco, B. Newingham, W. Good, H.P. Bais, P. Landres, A. Caesar, and R.M. Callaway. 2005. Insect herbivory stimulates allelopathic exudation by an invasive plant and the suppression of natives. Ecology Letters 8:209-217.
Roeper, N., P. Landres, and D. Fisher. 2006. The Global Wilderness Seminar for Government Agencies: a meeting at the crossroads of wildlands stewardship. International Journal of Wilderness 12(3):45-46.
Landres, P. 2006. Developing wilderness character monitoring: a personal reflection. International Journal of Wilderness 12(3):30-31.
Landres, P. 2007. Update on wilderness character monitoring. International Journal of Wilderness 13(2):37-38.
Sharman, L.C., P. Landres, and S. Boudreau. 2007. Developing a framework for evaluating proposals for research in wilderness: science to protect and learn from parks. Alaska Park Science 6(2):100-103.
Landres, P., B. Barr, and C.F. Kormos. 2008. A comparison of international wilderness laws. Pages 31-54 in A Handbook on International Wilderness Law and Policy (C.F. Kormos, editor). Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, CO.
Cole, D.N., L. Yung, E.S. Zavaleta, G.H. Aplet, F.S. Chapin, D.M. Graber, E.S. Higgs, R.J. Hobbs, P.B. Landres, C.I. Millar, D.J. Parsons, J.M. Randall, N.L. Stephenson, K.A. Tonnessen, P.S. White, and S. Woodley. 2008. Naturalness and beyond: protected area stewardship in an era of global environmental change. The George Wright FORUM 25(1):36-56.
Landres, P., C. Barns, J.G. Dennis, T. Devine, P. Geissler, C.S. McCasland, L. Merigliano, J. Seastrand, and R. Swain. 2008. Keeping It Wild: An Interagency Strategy to Monitor Trends in Wilderness Character Across the National Wilderness Preservation System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-212, Fort Collins, CO. 81 pages.
Landres, P., M.B. Hennessy, K. Schlenker, D.N. Cole, and S. Boutcher. 2008. Applying the concept of wilderness character to National Forest planning, monitoring, and management. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-217WWW, Fort Collins, CO. 45 pages.
Landres, P., S. Boutcher, T. Blett, D. Bumpus, T. Carlson, D. Cole, L. Dean, T. Hall, C. Hardy, A. Leach, A. Mebane, L. Merigliano, S. Rinehart, and P. Wright. 2009. Technical Guide for Monitoring Selected Conditions Related to Wilderness Character. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-80. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 293 pages.
Keane, R.E., P.F. Hessburg, P. Landres, and F.J. Swanson. 2009. The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. Forest Ecology and Management 258:1025-1037.
Hobbs, R.J., D. N. Cole, L. Yung, E.S. Zavaleta, G.H. Aplet, F.S. Chapin, P. Landres, D.J. Parsons, N.L. Stephenson, P.S. White, D.M. Graber, E.S. Higgs, C.I. Millar, J.M. Randall, K.A. Tonnessen, S. Woodley. 2009. Guiding concepts for protected area stewardship in an era of global environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8(9):483-490.
Landres, P. 2009. A new tool to evaluate proposals for climate change research in U.S. wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness 15(3):29-30.
Landres, P. 2009. Book review of The Wilderness Debate Rages On: Continuing the Great New Wilderness Debate. Ecological Restoration 27:364-367. (A shortened version of this book review was also published in International Journal of Wilderness, 2009, 15(3):47-48.)
Landres, P., M. Fincher, L. Sharman, J. Alderson, C. Barns, T. Carlson, R. L. Anderson, S. Boudreau, D. J. Parsons, L. Boyers, K. Hood. 2010. An interagency framework to evaluate proposals for scientific activities in wilderness. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-234WWW. Fort Collins, CO. 74 pages.
Landres, P. 2010. Let it be: a hands-off approach to preserving wildness in protected areas. Pages 88-105 In Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardship in an Era of Rapid Change (edited by D.N. Cole and L. Yung). Island Press, Washington, DC.
Craig, D., P. Landres, L. Yung. 2010. Improving wilderness stewardship through searchable databases of U.S. legislative history and legislated special provisions. International Journal of Wilderness 16(2):27-31.
Schwartz, M.K., P. Landres, and D.J. Parsons. 2011. Wildlife scientists and wilderness managers finding common ground with noninvasive and nonintrusive sampling of wildlife. International Journal of Wilderness 17(1):4-8.
Black, A.E. and Landres, P. 2011. Understanding the effects of fire management practices on forest health: implications for weeds and vegetation structure. Chapter 14, pages 151-156 in (K.M. Potter and B.L. Conkling, editors). Forest Health Monitoring 2009 National Technical Report, Forest Health Monitoring Program, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 188 pages.
Landres, P., W.N. Vagias, and S. Stutzman. 2012. Using wilderness character to improve wilderness stewardship. Park Science 28 (Winter 2011-2012):44-48.
Cowley, J., P. Landres, M. Memory, D. Scott, and A. Lindholm. 2012. Integrating cultural resources and wilderness. Park Science 28 (Winter 2011-2012): 29-33, 38.
Adams, A., P. Landres, S. Kingston. 2012. A database application for monitoring wilderness character. Park Science 28 (Winter 2011-2012): 58-59.
Hourdequin, M., P. Landres, M.J. Hanson, and D.R. Craig. 2012. Ethical implications of democratic theory for U.S. public participation in environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 35:37-44.
Tricker, J., P. Landres, S. Dingman, C. Callagan, J. Stark, L. Bonstead, K. Furhmann, and S. Carver. 2012. Mapping wilderness character in Death Valley National Park. National Park Service Natural Resource Report, NPS/DEVA/NRR—2012/503, Fort Collins, CO. 82 pages.
Tricker, J., P. Landres, J. Chenoweth, R. Hoffman, and R. Scott. 2013. Mapping wilderness character in Olympic National Park. Final Report to the National Park Service. 69 pages.
Carver, S., J. Tricker, and P. Landres. 2013. Keeping it wild: mapping wilderness character in the United States. Environmental Management 131:239-255.
Landres, P., S. Stutzman, W. Vagias, C. Cook, C. Mills, T. Devine, S. Dingman, A. Lindholm, M. Stuebe, M. Memory, R. Scott, M. Bilecki, R. O’Neil, C. Holbeck, F. Turina, M. Haynie, S. Craighead, P. Jenkins, J. Curtis, and K. Trevino. 2014. Keeping It Wild in the National Park Service: A User Guide to Integrating Wilderness Character into Park Planning, Management, and Monitoring. National Park Service, Publication Number WASO 909/121797, Denver Service Center, Lakewood, CO. 219 pages.
Tricker, J., P. Landres, G. Fauth, P. Hardwick, and A. Eddy. 2014. Mapping wilderness character in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SEKI/NRTR—2014/872, National Park Service, National Resource Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, CO. 85 pages.
Oreskes, R. 2014. The ecological value of wilderness: An interview with Peter Landres. Appalachia 65(2):94-102.
Landres, P., C. Barns, S. Boutcher, T. Devine, P. Dratch, A. Lindholm, L. Merigliano, N. Roeper, and E. Simpson. 2015. Keeping it wild 2: an updated interagency strategy to monitor trends in wilderness character across the National Wilderness Preservation System. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-340. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 114 pages.
Burrows, R., J. Tricker, D. Abbe, P. Landres, J. Paynter, D. Schirokauer, and P. Hooge. 2016. Mapping wilderness character in Denali National Park and Preserve. Natural Resource Report NPS/DENA/NRR-2016/1223, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO. 106 pages.
Tricker, J., B. MacEwen, R. O’Neil, and P. Landres. 2016. Mapping threats to wilderness in the Saguaro National Park Wilderness. Final Report to the National Park Service. 28 pages.
Naficy, C., E. Keeling, P. Landres, P. Hessburg, T. Veblen, and A. Sala. 2016. Wilderness in the 21st century: A framework for testing assumptions about ecological intervention in wilderness using a case study of fire ecology in the Rocky Mountains. Journal of Forestry 114:384-395.
Landres, P., and E. Mejicano. 2016. Evaluating effectiveness of IUCN protected area management Category 1b sites. Pages 136-140 in IUCN Wilderness Protected Areas: Management Guidelines for IUCN Category 1b Protected Areas, edited by S.A. Casson, V.G. Martin, A. Watson, A. Stringer, and C.F. Kormos. International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series, Gland, Switzerland.
Barns, C., S. Boutcher, T. Devine, P. Dratch, P. Landres, A. Lindholm, L. Merigliano, N. Roeper, and E. Simpson. 2016. Preserving all of wilderness character – It’s the law and good stewardship. Published online at http://leopold.wilderness.net/our-science/research-agenda/monitoring/Rebuttal%20to%20Cole%20et%20al%20critique%20of%20KIW2%20on%20WW%20website.pdf.
Tricker, J., A. Schwaller, T. Hanson, E. Mejicano, and P. Landres. 2017. Mapping wilderness character in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. General Technical Report RMRS-357. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fort Collins, CO. 80 pages.
Cooke, B., B. Hahn, and P. Landres. 2018. Keeping it wild: Asking the right questions to guide wilderness management. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Science You Can Use Bulletin, Issue 29. Fort Collins, CO. 7 pages.
Lieberman, L., B. Hahn, and P. Landres. 2018. Manipulating the Wild: A survey of restoration and management interventions in U.S. wilderness. Restoration Ecology 26(5):900-908. https://doi: 10.1111/rec.12670.
Tricker, J., and P. Landres. 2018. Mapping threats to wilderness character in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Biological Conservation 227:243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.010.
Landres, P., S. Boutcher, E. Mejicano, and E. Sandeno. 2020. Wilderness character monitoring technical guide. General Techical Report RMRS-GTR-406. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 364 pages.
Landres, P., B.A. Hahn, E. Biber, and D.T. Spencer. 2020. Protected area stewardship in the Anthropocene: integrating science, law, and ethics to evaluate proposals for ecological restoration in wilderness. Restoration Ecology 28(2):315-327. https://doi: 10.1111/rec.13104.
Landres, P. 2020. Book review of An Open Pit Visible from the Moon: The Wilderness Act and the Fight to Protect Miners Ridge and the Public Interest. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 112(1):36-37.
Dawson, N.G., J. Tricker, and P. Landres. 2021. Evaluating potential impacts of proposed industrial access road routes on wilderness character in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Arctic 74(4):469-481. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic73828.
Kelly, P., and P. Landres. 2022. Does wilderness matter in the Anthropocene? Resolving a fundamental dilemma about the role of wilderness in 21st Century conservation. Ethics, Policy & Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2022.2133942